Third Lateran Council

The Entrance of Pope Alexander III and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa into Rome, fresco detail, Spinello Aretino, 1407, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy

The Third Lateran Council (A.D. 1179), was convoked by Pope Alexander III after the Battle of Legnano and the surrender of Emperor Frederick I. The primary object of the council was to end the nearly 20 year schism supported by the Emperor against Alexander. Image above links to Tanner translation of the Council decrees. ISBN recommendation: 0-87840-490-2

Second Lateran Council

Pope Innocent II, St. Lawrence, Pope Calixtus, Mary & Christ, mosaic, apse of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome.

The Second Lateran Council (A.D. 1139) was convoked by Pope Innocent II after the death of the antipope, Anacletus II (Peter Leoni). The Council sought to consolidate unity and reestablish ecclesial discipline. Image above links to Tanner translation of the Council decrees. ISBN recommendation: 0-87840-490-2

First Lateran Council

Pope Calixtus II, "Liber ad honorem Augusti" of Petrus of Ebulo, 1196.

The First Lateran Council (A.D. 1123), convoked by Pope Callistus II immediately after the Concordat of Worms, marks the beginning of the movement towards separation of Church and State. Image above links to Tanner translation of the Council decrees. ISBN recommendation: 0-87840-490-2

Second Council of Nicaea

Illustration of Christ on the Cross: "They gave me gall to eat; and when I was thirsty they gave me vinegar to drink" accompanied by miniature depicting iconoclasts John Grammaticus and Anthony I of Constantinople rubbing out a painting of Christ with a sponge attached to a pole. Chludov Psalter (9th century), Moscow, Hist. Mus. MS. D.129.

Decrees of the Seventh Ecumenical Council (A.D. 787) which was summoned to address the issue of iconoclasm. The council declared the production and exposure of art representing Christ and the saints to be an authentic ecclesiastical tradition in harmony with the spread of the gospel. Image above links to Tanner translation. ISBN recommendation: 0-87840-490-2.  For a more detailed defense of holy art, see St. John of Damascus: Apologies Against Those Who Attack the Divine Images in Appendix I.

Third Council of Constantinople

The Sixth Ecumenical Council, Dionisy, 1502, Virgin Nativity Cathedral, Ferapontovo, Kirillov, Vologda

Decrees of the Sixth Ecumenical Council (A.D. 680-681) which proclaimed and confirmed, against the teaching of the Monothelites, two natural volitions and two natural principles of action in Christ, His human will following and subject to His Divine Will. Image above links to Tanner translation. ISBN recommendation: 0-87840-490-2

Second Council of Constantinople

Mosaic of Justinian and Retinue, San Vitale Basilica, Ravenna, c. 546

Decrees of the Fifth Ecumenical Council (A.D. 553), summoned by the Emperor Flavius Justinian, which condemned (as Nestorian and heretical) teachings expounded by Theodore, bishop of Mopsuestia; Theodoret; and the so called letter of Ibas to Mari the Persian. Image above links to Tanner translation. ISBN recommendation: 0-87840-490-2

Council Of Ephesus

Theotokos of Vladimir, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

Decrees of the Third Ecumenical Council (A.D. 431) which explained and confirmed, against the teaching of Nestorius of Constantinople, that the Marian title Theotokos (Mother of GOD) is not in contradiction to the Catholic Faith. Image above links to Tanner translation. ISBN recommendation: 0-87840-490-2